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What is plant? |
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Most of plants obtain their energy through photosynthesis, except heteroph (parasitic plants) and saprophytes; therefore, those plants have green leaves because of green chlorophyll which is part the photosynthesis process. Plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulosewhich is a major classification character. Plants include tiny such as Bryophytes or grand such as Coniferales. Those vascular plants have water-carrying tissues, enabling the plants to evolve to a larger size. Those non-vascular plants like Bryophytes lack these and are restricted to relatively small sizes .
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Pteridophyte |
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Have you ever seen a tight rolling spiral (circinate venation)? If yes, it’s a fern. Ferns were the first
vascular plant, which appeared around the Jurassic period along with dinosaurs. The easiest way to classify it is that its new leaves typically expand by the rolling of a tight spiral, which is not seen on other plants. The gamethophytes of ferns are very different from those of seed plants, not flowers or
fruits but tiny spores. Check on the back of fertile frond which contains sporangium. Different species of ferns grow in individual way on sporangium which is an extraordinary identification character.
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Gymnosperm |
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The Gymnosperm includes Pine (Pinaceae), Chinese fir (Taxodiaceae) and Cypress (Cupressaceae) etc. Gymnosperm appeared earlier than Angiosperms, and later thanPteridophyte. Gymnosperm means “ bearing seeds”. The ovule is not enclosed at pollination and the seeds are not, in a true sense fruit like Angiosperms have a protective organ in a structure called a flower. Most people think the leaf shape of
Gymnosperm should be acicular or squama with cone. In fact, Ginkgoaceae, Cycadaceae and Podocarpaceae are not like so. The leaf is wide open, the fruit is drupe or berry; please do not classify them as Angiosperm.
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| Angiosperms |
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The main difference to Gymnosperms is the protective structure on the ovule and seeds. Earth is a world full of Angiosperms. The flowering plants Angiosperm are a major group of land plants; they bear the reproductive organs in flower;
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the ovule is enclosed within a carpel, which will lead to a fruit. Angiosperm is divided into two groups – Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae. |
| The name derives from the fact that the dicots often have two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) within each seed such as green beans or peas, while the monocots typically will have one only such as corn, rice. There are variety ways to recognize. |
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Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae plants
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Dicotyledonae |
Monocotyledonae |
Cotyledon |
Dicots  |
Monocots  |
Petal |
Most are quardruple |
Most are triple |
Main Vein |
Reticulate |
Parallel |
Vascular bundle |
Circularity |
Leisurely /Ring |
Vascular bundle |
Yes, branches increase |
No, branches maintain |
Root |
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The structure of Angiosperms includes root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit all with
individual functions: |
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Root： Root functions include absorption of water and inorganic nutrients and anchoring the plant body to the ground. |
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Stem：The main function of the stem is transport of fluids between the roots and the leaves also transport of energy to place which it is needed, or for storage. |
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Leaf：A leaf is a specialized plant organ for photosynthesis where respiration and transpiration function take place. |
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(2) |
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Flower：The flower contains the reproductive structures in angiosperms. The four main parts are gynoecium, androecium, corolla and calyx. The pollen contains the male gamete which is produced in the stamen. The style becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma, to the ovules, carrying the reproductive material. After fertilization, portions of the flower develop into a fruit containing the seeds. |
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(1) |
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Fruit：Fruit is the major way that Angiosperms disseminate seeds. Fruits are so varied in form and development; there are common varieties of fruit samples such as the following. |
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Berry |
Nut |
Caryopsis |
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There are fleshy fruits, in which the entire ovary wall
ripens into an edible pericarp. Examples of berries are found in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm. and Medinilla formosana |
A nut is a simple dry fruit with one seed in which the ovary wall becomes very hard at maturity. Examples of nuts are found in Fagaceae and Heritiera littoralis Dryard. |
A caryopsis is formed from a single carpel and indehiscent. Examples of caryopsis are found in Rice (Oryza sativa), Wheat and Corn. |
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Samara |
Aggregate fruit |
Capsule |
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A samara is a type of fruit in
which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall and indehiscent.
Examples of samara are found in Acer buergerianum and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia). |
Aggregate fruit is termed drupelets because each is like small achenes attached to the receptacle where is edible part. Examples of aggregate fruit are found in Bramble fruits (Rubus taiwanianus), Strawberry (Fragaria) and Lotus. |
A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two or more carpels, which, at maturity, split apart (dehisce) to release the seeds within. There are variety ways of dehiscent. Examples of capsule are found in Magnoliaceae (Ceiba), Hibiscus tiliaceus L. and Cuckooflower (Oxalidaceae). |
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Legume |
Follicle |
Silique |
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A legume is developed from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides while maturity. Examples of legume are found in Peas (Pisum sativum) and Taiwan acacia in Leguminosae. |
A follicle is derived from a simple pistil or carpel. At maturity, the sollicle dehisces along the ventral suture and the seeds are released by mechanical motion of the stem. Examples of follicle are found in Aniseed (Illiciaceae / Winteraceae / Alangiaceae). |
A silique is a fruit of two fused carpels that separate when ripe, leaving a peristant partition. Examples of silique are found in Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) family - Lepidium virginicum and Cabbage. |
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